{ "meta": { "reportedYears": [ 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025 ], "gapYears": [ 2015, 2016, 2020, 2021 ], "toleranceThresholds": { "2017": 38, "2018": 37, "2019": 37, "2022": 48, "2023": 54, "2024": 56, "2025": 57 }, "sources": { "2017": "https://fns-prod.azureedge.us/sites/default/files/resource-files/FY17-QC-Payment-Error-Rates.pdf", "2018": "https://fns-prod.azureedge.us/sites/default/files/resource-files/FY18-SNAP-QC-Payment-Error-Rate-Chart.pdf", "2019": "https://fns-prod.azureedge.us/sites/default/files/resource-files/FY2019SNAPQCPaymentErrorRateChartGeneric.pdf", "2022": "https://fns-prod.azureedge.us/sites/default/files/resource-files/snap-fy22-qc-payment-error-rate.pdf", "2023": "https://fns-prod.azureedge.us/sites/default/files/resource-files/snap-fy23-qc-payment-error-rate.pdf", "2024": "https://fns-prod.azureedge.us/sites/default/files/resource-files/snap-fy24QC-PER.pdf", "2025": "https://fns-prod.azureedge.us/sites/default/files/resource-files/snap-qcfy25-per.pdf" }, "publishedDates": { "2017": "Updated 6/29/18 (Data as of June 13, 2018)", "2018": "2019-07-12", "2019": "Updated July 7, 2020", "2022": "2023-06-30", "2023": "June 28, 2024", "2024": "2025-06-30", "2025": "2026-06-24" }, "benefitBase": { "issuanceFiscalYear": 2023, "issuanceSourceUrl": "https://fns-prod.azureedge.us/sites/default/files/resource-files/snap-sar-fy23.pdf", "issuanceSourceTable": "FNS SNAP State Activity Report FY 2023 (published May 2025), Table 7: SNAP Issuance by Benefit Type - FY 2023 (Total Issuance column = EBT + Cash + Emergency Allotment, in dollars). Participation from Table 5 (households) and Table 6 (persons), monthly average = EBT + Cash columns. Average monthly benefit per person from Table 3.", "adminFiscalYear": 2023, "adminSourceUrl": "https://fns-prod.azureedge.us/sites/default/files/resource-files/snap-sar-fy23.pdf" }, "caper": { "years": [ 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2022, 2023, 2024, 2025 ], "sources": { "2016": "https://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/resource-files/snap-qc-caper-fy16.pdf", "2017": "https://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/resource-files/snap-qc-caper-fy17.pdf", "2018": "https://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/resource-files/snap-qc-caper-fy18.pdf", "2019": "https://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/resource-files/snap-qc-caper-fy19.pdf", "2022": "https://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/resource-files/snap-qc-caper-fy22.pdf", "2023": "https://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/resource-files/snap-qc-caper-fy23.pdf", "2024": "https://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/resource-files/snap-fy24QC-CAPER.pdf", "2025": "https://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/resource-files/snap-qcfy25-caper.pdf" }, "national": { "2016": 23.27, "2017": 28.55, "2018": 37.73, "2019": 34.01, "2022": 44.12, "2023": 44.52, "2024": 43.81, "2025": 38.34 }, "indexPage": "https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/qc/caper" }, "access": { "paiYear": 2023, "participationRateYear": 2022, "pctPopYear": 2024, "sourcePai": "https://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/resource-files/snap-pai2023-101824.pdf", "sourcePr": "https://fns-prod.azureedge.us/sites/default/files/resource-files/ear-snap-Reaching-Those-in-Need-2022.pdf", "sourcePop": "https://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/resource-files/snap-zip-fy69tocurrent-6.zip" }, "timeliness": { "aptYear": 2024, "source": "https://www.fns.usda.gov/snap/qc/timeliness/apt-fy24", "recertSource": null, "changeReportPublished": false }, "food": { "insecurityPeriod": "2022-2024", "povertyYear": 2023, "sourceFi": "https://www.ers.usda.gov/topics/food-nutrition-assistance/food-security-in-the-us/key-statistics-graphics (mapdata.xlsx, 'Prevalence of household food insecurity and very low food security by State, average 2022-2024'); report: Rabbitt et al., Household Food Security in the United States in 2024, ERR-358, USDA ERS, https://ers.usda.gov/sites/default/files/_laserfiche/publications/113623/ERR-358.pdf", "sourcePov": "https://www.census.gov/data/datasets/2023/demo/saipe/2023-state-and-county.html (est23all.txt, state-level records; SAIPE 2023, all-ages poverty percent)", "national": { "foodInsecurityRate": 13.3, "veryLowFoodSecurityRate": 5.2, "povertyRate": 12.5 } }, "errorCause": { "year": 2023, "source": "USDA FNS SNAP Quality Control Annual Report FY2023", "sourceUrl": "https://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/resource-files/snap-qc-annualreportfy23.pdf", "nationalPaymentErrorRateFY2024": 10.93, "nationalOverpaymentRateFY2024": 9.26, "nationalUnderpaymentRateFY2024": 1.67, "perSourceUrlFY2024": "https://fns-prod.azureedge.us/sites/default/files/resource-files/snap-fy24QC-PER.pdf", "nationalPaymentErrorRateFY2023": 11.68, "nationalOverpaymentRateFY2023": 10.03, "nationalUnderpaymentRateFY2023": 1.64, "agencyVsClient_FY2023_allErrors": { "agencyCausedPct": 56.98, "clientCausedPct": 42.21, "causedByOtherPct": 0.81, "source": "FY2023 QC Annual Report, Table 15 (Distribution of Agency and Client Caused Variances by Error Type), U.S. Average row, ALL ERRORS" }, "agencyVsClient_FY2019_CBPP": { "note": "CBPP summary of FY2019 QC data: about half of overpayments and ~80% of underpayments were states'/agency fault.", "sourceUrl": "https://www.cbpp.org/research/food-assistance/snap-includes-extensive-payment-accuracy-system" }, "programFactorDistribution_FY2023_allErrors_USAverage": { "note": "Share of dollar-error variances by program factor, U.S. Average, ALL ERRORS. From FY2023 QC Annual Report Table 12. INCOME = earned + unearned income; this is the published category closest to the change-report-lag mechanism (income changes are the most commonly reported mid-period change).", "nonFinancialEligibilityPct": 12.94, "resourcePct": 0.92, "incomePct": 55.5, "deductionsPct": 16.62, "otherPct": 14.01 }, "earnedVsUnearnedIncomeErrors_FY2023_USAverage": { "note": "Table 23: percent of ERROR dollars by income source, U.S. Average.", "percentOfErrorsEarnedIncome": 29.53, "percentOfErrorsUnearnedIncome": 24.89 }, "failureToActCategory": { "available": false, "note": "FNS does NOT publish a discrete 'agency failed to act / acted late on a reported change' error category in the QC Annual Report. The published cause data is two-dimensional: (1) WHO caused it (agency vs client, Table 15) and (2) WHAT program factor (income/deductions/resource/non-financial/other, Table 12). There is no standalone 'failure to act on reported change' line. The closest proxy for the change-report-lag mechanism is agency-caused INCOME variances (income is 55.5% of all error variances and 56.98% of all error variances are agency-caused)." } }, "errorCodingConvention": "FY2023 QC Annual Report (p.21) states verbatim: 'while a QC reviewer might find multiple variances on a case, the primary variance is listed first and for reporting purposes, ALL error dollar amounts are assigned to the first coded variance.' FNS Handbook 310 (FY25), Section 181.2: 'Non-excluded variances that directly contribute to the error determination ... must be coded and reported in Section 2 of Form FNS-380-1. The reviewer must list all such variances (primary first) by element and indicate the cause of the variance.' IMPLICATION: a case may carry MULTIPLE coded variances, but in the published program-factor (Table 12) and agency/client (Table 15) distributions the ENTIRE dollar error is attributed to the single PRIMARY (first-coded) variance. Therefore each cause's published share is a FLOOR on its true prevalence: co-occurring secondary causes (including a late-acted-on income change that was not the largest-dollar variance) are undercounted, and the distribution is biased toward whichever variance the reviewer ranked primary. Handbook source: https://fns-prod.azureedge.us/sites/default/files/resource-files/snap-qc-handbook310-fy25-102924.pdf", "obba": { "effectiveFY": 2028, "tiers": [ { "minErrorRate": 0, "maxErrorRate": 6, "stateSharePct": 0, "label": "Under 6%" }, { "minErrorRate": 6, "maxErrorRate": 8, "stateSharePct": 5, "label": "6% to under 8%" }, { "minErrorRate": 8, "maxErrorRate": 10, "stateSharePct": 10, "label": "8% to under 10%" }, { "minErrorRate": 10, "maxErrorRate": null, "stateSharePct": 15, "label": "10% and above" } ], "delayThreshold": 13.3333, "adminCut": { "_comment": "Reinforces the administrative-bandwidth thesis: the law raises the accuracy bar and cuts the federal money for the staff who meet it, in the same statute.", "federalSharePctBefore": 50, "federalSharePctAfter": 25, "stateSharePctAfter": 75, "effectiveDate": "2026-10-01", "effectiveFiscalYear": 2027, "cboEstimatedFederalReductionThrough2034": 25000000000 } }, "typologyMedians": { "per": 9.44, "caper": 35.47 }, "findings": { "perCaperCorrAll": 0.48, "perCaperCorrDiagonal": 0.8, "recertVsPer": -0.54, "paiVsPer": 0.46, "perModelR2": 0.62, "accessFiPartialPoverty": -0.38, "caperNational2025": 38.34, "perNational2025": 10.62, "totalPenalty": 10457773599, "statesOwing": 42, "statesDeferring": 7 } }, "national": { "2017": { "over": 5.19, "under": 1.11, "total": 6.3 }, "2018": { "over": 5.59, "under": 1.22, "total": 6.8 }, "2019": { "over": 6.18, "under": 1.18, "total": 7.36 }, "2022": { "over": 9.84, "under": 1.7, "total": 11.54 }, "2023": { "over": 10.03, "under": 1.64, "total": 11.68 }, "2024": { "over": 9.26, "under": 1.67, "total": 10.93 }, "2025": { "over": 9.28, "under": 1.33, "total": 10.62 } }, "states": [ { "code": "AL", "name": "Alabama", "region": "South", "rates": { "2017": { "over": 3.15, "under": 1.04, "total": 4.19 }, "2018": { "over": 3.93, "under": 0.66, "total": 4.59 }, "2019": { "over": 6.87, "under": 0.42, "total": 7.29 }, "2022": { "over": 3.96, "under": 0.72, "total": 4.68 }, "2023": { "over": 5.44, "under": 1.64, "total": 7.07 }, "2024": { "over": 7.32, "under": 0.99, "total": 8.32 }, "2025": { "over": 8.82, "under": 0.7, "total": 9.52 } }, "benefit": { "issuanceTotalFY23": 2048540652, "issuanceExEA": 1705296475, "emergencyAllotment": 343244177, "participants": 776479, "households": 391662, "benefitPerPerson": 208.24, "adminTotal": 138990952, "adminStateShare": 65049935, "adminFederalShare": 66373214 }, "slopePerYear": 0.5136, "delta2425": 1.2, "caper": { "2016": 4.87, "2017": 22.2, "2018": 56.52, "2019": 43.66, "2022": 32.53, "2023": 32.06, "2024": 35.32, "2025": 24.59 }, "access": { "pai": 0.771, "participationRate": 90, "pctPop": 14.58 }, "timeliness": { "apt": 93.02, "recert": 99.1 }, "food": { "insecurity": 12.1, "veryLow": 4.6, "poverty": 15.7, "income": 62248 }, "penalty": { "rate": 9.52, "tierPct": 10, "liability": 170529648, "perParticipant": 220, "base": 1705296475, "defers": false }, "per2025": 9.52, "caper2025": 24.59, "typology": "broad-reach" }, { "code": "AK", "name": "Alaska", "region": "West", "rates": { "2017": { "over": 5.8, "under": 1.47, "total": 7.27 }, "2018": { "over": 4.66, "under": 1.71, "total": 6.37 }, "2019": { "over": 9.07, "under": 2.12, "total": 11.19 }, "2022": { "over": 56.69, "under": 0.29, "total": 56.97 }, "2023": { "over": 59.59, "under": 0.78, "total": 60.37 }, "2024": { "over": 22.5, "under": 2.16, "total": 24.66 }, "2025": { "over": 20.58, "under": 2.57, "total": 23.15 } }, "benefit": { "issuanceTotalFY23": 246443959, "issuanceExEA": 219045213, "emergencyAllotment": 27398746, "participants": 54651, "households": 25819, "benefitPerPerson": 390.39, "adminTotal": 12492798, "adminStateShare": 11531300, "adminFederalShare": 12487987 }, "slopePerYear": 4.1895, "delta2425": -1.51, "caper": { "2016": 37.64, "2017": 45.54, "2018": 39.42, "2019": 38.98, "2022": 56.08, "2023": 87.1, "2024": 60, "2025": 53.15 }, "access": { "pai": 0.562, "participationRate": 73, "pctPop": 9.22 }, "timeliness": { "apt": 57.93, "recert": 30.28 }, "food": { "insecurity": 13, "veryLow": 6.5, "poverty": 10.5, "income": 88696 }, "penalty": { "rate": 23.15, "tierPct": 15, "liability": 32856782, "perParticipant": 601, "base": 219045213, "defers": true }, "per2025": 23.15, "caper2025": 53.15, "typology": "strained" }, { "code": "AZ", "name": "Arizona", "region": "West", "rates": { "2017": { "over": 7.55, "under": 1.54, "total": 9.08 }, "2018": { "over": 4.95, "under": 1.04, "total": 5.99 }, "2019": { "over": 4.41, "under": 0.84, "total": 5.24 }, "2022": { "over": 9.62, "under": 1.77, "total": 11.39 }, "2023": { "over": 9.72, "under": 1.67, "total": 11.39 }, "2024": { "over": 7.56, "under": 1.28, "total": 8.84 }, "2025": { "over": 8.63, "under": 2.16, "total": 10.8 } }, "benefit": { "issuanceTotalFY23": 1882264854, "issuanceExEA": 1882264656, "emergencyAllotment": 198, "participants": 898016, "households": 433922, "benefitPerPerson": 179.98, "adminTotal": 141712599, "adminStateShare": 70104702, "adminFederalShare": 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7.97, "under": 0.84, "total": 8.81 } }, "benefit": { "issuanceTotalFY23": 542574424, "issuanceExEA": 542387373, "emergencyAllotment": 187051, "participants": 245432, "households": 124965, "benefitPerPerson": 166.9, "adminTotal": 90545184, "adminStateShare": 43036568, "adminFederalShare": 43644711 }, "slopePerYear": 0.5117, "delta2425": -0.75, "caper": { "2016": 26.02, "2017": 36.03, "2018": 31.88, "2019": 28.64, "2022": 54.85, "2023": 68.09, "2024": 61.4, "2025": 52.62 }, "access": { "pai": 0.391, "participationRate": 59, "pctPop": 7.78 }, "timeliness": { "apt": 61.94, "recert": 69.28 }, "food": { "insecurity": 19.4, "veryLow": 7.6, "poverty": 15.4, "income": 58748 }, "penalty": { "rate": 8.81, "tierPct": 10, "liability": 54238737, "perParticipant": 221, "base": 542387373, "defers": false }, "per2025": 8.81, "caper2025": 52.62, "typology": "payment-tight" }, { "code": "CA", "name": "California", "region": "West", "rates": { "2017": { "over": 6.61, "under": 1.33, "total": 7.93 }, "2018": { "over": 5.96, "under": 1.3, "total": 7.25 }, "2019": { "over": 6.42, "under": 0.89, "total": 7.31 }, "2022": { "over": 9.59, "under": 1.51, "total": 11.1 }, "2023": { "over": 11.61, "under": 1.78, "total": 13.4 }, "2024": { "over": 9.01, "under": 1.98, "total": 10.98 }, "2025": { "over": 10.06, "under": 0.87, "total": 10.93 } }, "benefit": { "issuanceTotalFY23": 14358987470, "issuanceExEA": 11189249049, "emergencyAllotment": 3169738421, "participants": 5216756, "households": 2989146, "benefitPerPerson": 219.29, "adminTotal": 2594082280, "adminStateShare": 1323591408, "adminFederalShare": 1228335184 }, "slopePerYear": 0.6223, "delta2425": -0.05, "caper": { "2016": 36.77, "2017": 38.99, "2018": 60.92, "2019": 34.3, "2022": 39.6, "2023": 39.94, "2024": 39.84, "2025": 37.44 }, "access": { "pai": 0.89, "participationRate": 81, "pctPop": 13.64 }, "timeliness": { "apt": 80.21, "recert": 88.91 }, "food": { "insecurity": 12.5, "veryLow": 4.4, "poverty": 12, "income": 95473 }, "penalty": { "rate": 10.93, "tierPct": 15, "liability": 1678387357, "perParticipant": 322, "base": 11189249049, "defers": false }, "per2025": 10.93, "caper2025": 37.44, "typology": "strained" }, { "code": "CO", "name": "Colorado", "region": "West", "rates": { "2017": { "over": 4.75, "under": 1.48, "total": 6.22 }, "2018": { "over": 4.04, "under": 1.39, "total": 5.43 }, "2019": { "over": 6.91, "under": 1.76, "total": 8.67 }, "2022": { "over": 5.29, "under": 2.02, "total": 7.31 }, "2023": { "over": 6.45, "under": 2.16, "total": 8.61 }, "2024": { "over": 7.91, "under": 2.06, "total": 9.97 }, "2025": { "over": 8.52, "under": 1.57, "total": 10.09 } }, "benefit": { "issuanceTotalFY23": 1447521021, "issuanceExEA": 1196389932, "emergencyAllotment": 251131089, "participants": 564020, "households": 297927, "benefitPerPerson": 219.06, "adminTotal": 189106690, "adminStateShare": 92825326, "adminFederalShare": 89419282 }, "slopePerYear": 0.4799, "delta2425": 0.12, "caper": { "2016": 24.33, "2017": 25.73, "2018": 24.68, "2019": 27.6, "2022": 39.12, "2023": 40.55, "2024": 42.76, "2025": 33.26 }, "access": { "pai": 0.835, "participationRate": 100, "pctPop": 9.81 }, "timeliness": { "apt": 66.87, "recert": 74.95 }, "food": { "insecurity": 10.5, "veryLow": 4.3, "poverty": 9.4, "income": 92790 }, "penalty": { "rate": 10.09, "tierPct": 15, "liability": 179458490, "perParticipant": 318, "base": 1196389932, "defers": false }, "per2025": 10.09, "caper2025": 33.26, "typology": "broad-reach" }, { "code": "CT", "name": "Connecticut", "region": "Northeast", "rates": { "2017": { "over": 4.71, "under": 0.87, "total": 5.58 }, "2018": { "over": 6.72, "under": 2.05, "total": 8.77 }, "2019": { "over": 9.08, "under": 1.42, "total": 10.5 }, "2022": { "over": 7.21, "under": 1.73, "total": 8.93 }, "2023": { "over": 7.33, "under": 1.58, "total": 8.91 }, "2024": { "over": 8.61, "under": 1.65, "total": 10.25 }, "2025": { "over": 7.43, "under": 1.65, "total": 9.08 } }, "benefit": { "issuanceTotalFY23": 1042859690, "issuanceExEA": 852018515, "emergencyAllotment": 190841175, "participants": 392515, "households": 228088, "benefitPerPerson": 225.36, "adminTotal": 160195007, "adminStateShare": 79399639, "adminFederalShare": 77443206 }, "slopePerYear": 0.2605, "delta2425": -1.17, "caper": { "2016": 26.43, "2017": 31.38, "2018": 41.73, "2019": 58.14, "2022": 34.43, "2023": 37.29, "2024": 36.06, "2025": 34.44 }, "access": { "pai": 0.856, "participationRate": 98, "pctPop": 10.64 }, "timeliness": { "apt": 89.11, "recert": 93.36 }, "food": { "insecurity": 12.1, "veryLow": 5.7, "poverty": 10.2, "income": 91477 }, "penalty": { "rate": 9.08, "tierPct": 10, "liability": 85201852, "perParticipant": 217, "base": 852018515, "defers": false }, "per2025": 9.08, "caper2025": 34.44, "typology": "accurate" }, { "code": "DE", "name": "Delaware", "region": "South", "rates": { "2017": { "over": 12.27, "under": 1.67, "total": 13.95 }, "2018": { "over": 11.95, "under": 1.29, "total": 13.24 }, "2019": { "over": 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